Fire Life Safety Program

1. Propose
2. Definition
3. Composition of fire
4. Dangers from fire
5. Fire suppression systems
6. Emergency plan
7. Fire safety code
8. Minimization of risk

Propose

• Safe life
• Reduce property damage
• Maintain business continuity

  Definition

  • Auto-ignition
  • Fire point
  • Flash point
  • Flammable range
  • Hypergolic reaction
  • Oxydizers
  • Pyrophor hypergolic fuels
  • Noncombustible (Material) Refers to a material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors, when subjected to fire or heat. Materials that are reported as passing ASTM E 136, Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 Degrees C, are considered noncombustible materials
  • Limited-Combustible (Material) Refers to a building construction material not complying with the definition of noncombustible (see 3.3.135.3 ) that, in the form in which it is used, has a potential heat value not exceeding 8140 kJ/kg (3500 Btu/lb), where tested in accordance with NFPA 259, Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials, and includes (1) materials having a structural base of noncombustible material, with a surfacing not exceeding a thickness of 3.2 mm ( in.) that has a flame spread index not greater than 50; and (2) materials, in the form and thickness used, other than as described in (1), having neither a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion, and of such composition that surfaces that would be exposed by cutting through the material on any plane would have neither a flame spread index greater than 25 nor evidence of continued progressive combustion.
  • Means of Egress A continuous and unobstructed way of travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way consisting of three separate and distinct parts: (1) the exit access, (2) the exit, and (3) the exit discharge

  Composition of fire

• Oxygen
• Fuels (flammable or combustible materials)

  

  • Flammable gas
  • Flammable liquids(Class I-A): Flash point below 73 F, boiling point below 100 F
  • Flammable liquids(Class I-B): Flash point below 73 F, boiling point at or above 100 F
  • Flammable liquids(Class I-c): Flash point above 73 F but below 100 F
  • Combustible liquids(Class II): Flash point above 100 F but below 140 F
  • Combustible liquids(Class III-A): Flash point above 140 F but below 200 F
  • Combustible Liquids(Class III-B): Flash point above 200 F
• Heat source

  

Dangers from fire


• Direct contact; flesh burns
• Suffocating or inhaling toxic fumes

  Product	Sources	Pathology
  Acrolein	cellulose, fatty substances, paints	eye and respiratory irritation
  Ammonia	wool, silk, nilon, and refrigerant	eye and respiratory irritation
  Carbon dioxide	organic compounds	simple asphyxiation
  Carbon monoxide	organic compounds	form CO-Hb
  Hydrogen chloride	nylon, paper, rubber, plastic, and polyurethane	lethal asphyxiation
  Hydrogen sulfide	rubber, crude oil, sulfur-containing compounds	higly toxic gas, destroy sense of smell
  Nitrogen dioxide	cellulose nitrate, celluloid, textiles	pulmonary irritation

• Fire-related panic

Fire suppression system

• Smoke and heat detector
  • Fixed temperature (sloder alloy type)

    

  • Bimetallic type heat detector

    

  • Line type heat detector

    

  • Rate compensation heat detector

    

  • Rate-of-rise heat detector

    

  • Ionization smoke detector

    

  • Light scattering smoke detector

    

  • Smoke beam

    

• Sprinkler

  For stanadard pendent/upright sprinkler, the protection area for ordinary hazard is about 130 sq.ft or 12.1 sq.m with maximum spacing of 15 feet or 4.6 m NFPA 30 (ch 8)

  Pendent

  Upright

• Fire pump and assembly

  Diesel pump

Fire Life safety code
The code addresses the construction, protection, and occupancy necessary to minimize hazard of fire, smoke, fire-related panic. The code requires for the design of egress to ensure the quick evacuation and sufficient backup safeguard to ensure that human life is not endangered if one system fails.
Constuction design must be considered by the following factors: (1)Classification of hazard contents, (2)Chraterictic of occupacy, (3)Number of occupants, (4)Available protection, (5)Height of structure, (6) Application concern. The buidling shall also be designed, constructed to provide resonable safety for fire fighters and emergency responders during search and rescue (4.1.3.1.2.2 NFPA 1).

Classification of hazard contents NFPA 1
• High hazard contents are considered when quantity of of combustible is high with possibilty of rapidly developing fire with high rate of heat release. In NFPA 1, level 1 includes material that present a detonation: explosives in class 3 and 4, oxidizers, class 4 pyrophoric materials. Level 2 includes the materials that may present a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accerelated burning in class I, II, or III-A flammable or combustible stored in open containers or system, or in pressurized system more than 15 psi. Level 3 includes the materials that may present a deflagration hazard or a hazard from accerelated burning in class I, II, or III-A flammable or combustible stored in close containers or system, or in pressurized system less than 15 psi.Level 4 includes materials that area acute health hazards: corrosive and toxic materials. Level 5 include the HPM used in fabrication of semiconductor or in semiconductor reseach and development
• Ordinary hazard contents are considered when the combustible and flammable materials are moderte to high, and fire with moderate heat. The heat release can be expected. Stock pile does not exceeed 12 feet.
• Low hazard contents include low combustibility that no self-propagating fire.
Characteristic of occupancy
• Industrial ocupancy An occupancy in which products are manufactured or in which processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing, decorating, or repair operations are conducted
• Assembly occupancyAn occupancy (1) used for a gathering of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation, or similar uses; or (2) used as a special amusement building, regardless of occupant load
• Educational occupancyAn occupancy used for educational purposes through the twelfth grade by six or more persons for 4 or more hours per day or more than 12 hours per week.
• Day care occupancyAn occupancy used for purposes of medical or other treatment or care of four or more persons where such occupants are mostly incapable of self-preservation due to age, physical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants’ control.
• Storage occupancyAn occupancy used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products, vehicles, or animals.
• Business Occupancy An occupancy used for account and record keeping or the transaction of business other than mercantile

Mean of egress is referred to life safety code for the door width ( more than1.10 M), capacity of occupant load, munber of exit (minimum of two and one more for every 500 of increase) , travelling distance, marking and sign, discharge from exit (10 by 10 feet)


Minimization of risk

1. Use less flammable materials
   
2. Identify type of hazard and provide appropriate control activities
   
3. Develop database of the flammability of materials
   
4. Provide space for gas expansion
   
5. Segregation for small quantity to minimize hazardous impact
   
6. Install venting mechanism and cooling system
   
7. Install physical barrier
   
8. Install alram system
   
9. Perform periodic inspection and Check fire extinguisher regulary
   
10. Best practice for flammable materials STD (grounding and bonding)
    
11. Good housekeeping